How to judge the jade in the Ming Dynasty
The characteristic of the Ming Dynasty society is that the state has always been in internal chaos, internal and external troubles. However, inherited the rapid development of commercial trade in the Song Dynasty, especially since the Southern Song Dynasty, the business of the Ming Dynasty was very developed, and the people became rich. The development and changes of the jade articles of the Ming Dynasty are also related to the changes of the society. On the whole, the jade articles of the Ming Dynasty gradually divorced from the artistic traditions of the five generations and the two Songs, and they formed the artistic style of pursuing the fine decorative beauty. The royal jade of the Ming Dynasty was dominated by the imperial supervisory system, while the folk view jade and jade-like winds prevailed. There were jade in the big cities with developed economy and culture. The most famous jade center is Suzhou. At the same time, the antique business community has also produced a large number of antique pseudo-ancient jade articles in order to adapt to the collection and enjoy the social atmosphere of ancient jade articles. We can still see a lot of "ancient jade" imitation of this period, even the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was once deceived by the Ming Dynasty antique jade.
The development of jade crafts in the Ming Dynasty experienced three periods of early, middle and late.
Early Ming: The jade unearthed and handed down in the early Ming Dynasty have masterpieces. The style is inherited from the Yuan Dynasty, and the work is rigorous and exquisite. In 1970, the Ming Dynasty Wang Xingzu Tomb (1371) in Nanjing unearthed 14 pieces of jade belt ornaments, which were smashed and swayed in the clouds. The mills were exquisitely carved and brilliant. However, the image and layout of Yunlong are close to the Yuan Dynasty, and the number of jade strips is not in line with the Ming system. From the spring of 1970 to the beginning of 1971, the Jade Tomb (1389) in Zou County, Shandong Province unearthed jade articles such as enamel ornaments, jade belts, jade, jade, jade, jade pens, jade cups, etc., showing the status of the ancestors of the Ming dynasty and the jade used for funeral. The jade material used in this type of jade has a strong luster, the mill is sturdy, the miller is fine, and the details are not heavy, which clearly preserves the legacy of the Yuan Dynasty jade. Strictly speaking, the jade articles of the early Ming Dynasty do not have their own style. Many exquisite jade articles unearthed such as the above-mentioned jade belt plates should be included in the category of the jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty, or they are originally jade articles left over from the Yuan Dynasty.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty: the jade in the middle of the Ming Dynasty tends to be simple, inheriting the prosperity of the literati culture at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and there are jade wares with literati colors, such as the jade and pine stalks. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the processing and distribution of jade articles were concentrated in the southeastern regions such as Nanjing, Shanghai, and Jiangxi. Shanghai Lushen Tomb unearthed white jade iron turn Li, white jade butterfly, jade chicken heart, white jade with hook, hollow Shou word jade, jade ring, Yudao crown, jade, etc., jade pieces are small and exquisite, representing the landlords, wealthy businessmen and other people with jade Variety and work. The jade articles of this period began to show the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty society, and the production and processing of jade articles can truly represent the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty society.
Late Ming Dynasty: The social development in the southeastern part of the late Ming Dynasty, the urban economy was prosperous, and the people were rich, so the output of jade articles increased. At that time, the Suzhou jade industry represented the development trend of the national jade craftsmanship. The famous jade worker Lu Zigang came from Suzhou. The representative jade articles of this period are the jade belt hooks, jade bowls, jade pots, jade pots, jade jugs, jade, jade, jade belts, etc. unearthed from the Ming Tombs of the Ming Tombs, including the jade articles used by the deceased and the jade used for funeral after death. . Among them, jade pot and jade jubilee use gold or jewellery inlays, which are more colorful. At that time, ancient jade has become an antique (or antique), a special commodity with high prices. In order to obtain high profits, merchants have made a large number of fake antiques with cheap jade, jade and other cheap jade materials. The number of jade articles has surged, the art has become rough and rough, and there are fewer Seiko workers. Due to the economic prosperity of the cities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the handicraft industry was developed, and overseas trade was frequent. The whole arts and crafts were dominated by commodity production and export, so there was a bad tendency to pursue quantity and neglect art. Along with this, the jade craft has also appeared in the trend of commercialization. The jade tires are heavy and heavy, the shape is dull, the workmanship is sloppy, and the decoration is cumbersome. There are a large number of jade pots and jade cups that have been passed down to this day. In terms of patterns, and the social atmosphere of the late Ming Dynasty, Fu Rui's auspicious homophonic theme is very popular. This kind of "picture must be intentional, meaning must be auspicious" pattern, first of all to pray for blessing, and secondly to consider the beauty. The jade jade in the late famous Luzigang reflects the staggered development of jade, antique jade and literati in this period. The composition and influence of the urban people and literati in the jade culture are increasing. This is the result of the prosperity of the urban commodity economy and the commercialization of jade production, and it is also a new change in the jade culture of our country.
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